A Method for Pose and Type Verification of Resistor

AbstractThis paper proposes a method for verifying the pose and the type of different resistors mounted on a PCB. First, the pose of the resistor on the PCB is determined and missing resistors are detected by shape_based template matching. Then, the type of the resistor is extracted and compared to the known reference type by edge_based template matching. Finally, six types of resistors have been verified on 120 resistor images. Experiments have shown that the shape_based template can be used to determine the pose of the resistor even if it appears rotated and scaled. The proposed method can achieve the accuracy of 100% and average recognition time of 0.15s

Nitrogen transport and assimilation in tea plant (Camellia sinensis): a review

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for tea plants, as it contributes significantly to tea yield and serves as the component of amino acids, which in turn affects the quality of tea produced. To achieve higher yields, excessive amounts of N fertilizers mainly in the form of urea have been applied in tea plantations where N fertilizer is prone to convert to nitrate and be lost by leaching in the acid soils. This usually results in elevated costs and environmental pollution. A comprehensive understanding of N metabolism in tea plants and the underlying mechanisms is necessary to identify the key regulators, characterize the functional phenotypes, and finally improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Tea plants absorb and utilize ammonium as the preferred N source, thus a large amount of nitrate remains activated in soils. The improvement of nitrate utilization by tea plants is going to be an alternative aspect for NUE with great potentiality. In the process of N assimilation, nitrate is reduced to ammonium and subsequently derived to the GS-GOGAT pathway, involving the participation of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Additionally, theanine, a unique amino acid responsible for umami taste, is biosynthesized by the catalysis of theanine synthetase (TS). In this review, we summarize what is known about the regulation and functioning of the enzymes and transporters implicated in N acquisition and metabolism in tea plants and the current methods for assessing NUE in this species. The challenges and prospects to expand our knowledge on N metabolism and related molecular mechanisms in tea plants which could be a model for woody perennial plant used for vegetative harvest are also discussed to provide the theoretical basis for future research to assess NUE traits more precisely among the vast germplasm resources, thus achieving NUE improvement

3D Palmprint Recognition Using Dempster-Shafer Fusion Theory

This paper proposed a novel 3D palmprint recognition algorithm by combining 3D palmprint features using D-S fusion theory. Firstly, the structured light imaging is used to acquire the 3D palmprint data. Secondly, two types of unique features, including mean curvature feature and Gaussian curvature feature, are extracted. Thirdly, the belief function of the mean curvature recognition and the Gaussian curvature recognition was assigned, respectively. Fourthly, the fusion belief function from the proposed method was determined by the Dempster-shafer (D-S) fusion theory. Finally, palmprint recognition was accomplished according to the classification criteria. A 3D palmprint database with 1000 range images from 100 individuals was established, on which extensive experiments were performed. The results show that the proposed method 3D palmprint recognition is much more robust to illumination variations and condition changes of palmprint than MCR and GCR. Meanwhile, by fusing mean curvature and Gaussian curvature feature, the experimental results are promising (the average equal error rate of 0.404%). In the future, imaging technique needs further improvement for a better recognition performance

Effect of Integrated Use of Rapeseed Cake, Biochar and Chemical Fertilizers on Root Growth, Nutrients Use Efficiency and Productivity of Tea

The tea root system plays a key role in the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil. The effect of integrated fertilizers (Control (CK) (no fertilizers), 100% NPK, 100% NPK withbiochar (NPK + B), 50% NPK with 50% rapeseed cake (NPK + RC), and 100% rapeseed cake (RC))on alterations in root growth characteristics and soil physical properties, nutrient uptake, NUE, and biomass production of tea (Longjing 43) was studied in an Alfisol at the greenhouse of the China Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, during 2020–2021. The results showed that the conjunctive application of mineral fertilizers with rapeseed cake (NPK + RC) resulted in significant (p < 0.05) reductions in soil penetration resistance (14.8%) and bulk density (8.7%) and improvement in porosity (9.9%) compared to the control. NPK + RC recorded significantly higher (p < 0.05) root surface area, root volume, root tips, root length, and root CEC of tea than NPK (15%, 20%, 27%, 6%, and 11%) and control (40%, 165%, 49%, 68%, and 12%). The combinedapplication of RC and NPK fertilizer significantly decreased the specific root surface area (137%) and specific root length (66.8%) compared to the control. Root, stem, leaves, and total biomass were improved by integrated fertilization compared to the control and mineral fertilization. The nutrient content (N,P,K), nutrient uptake, NUE, nutrient uptake per root length, volume, and surface area of tea plants under NPK + RC and NPK + B were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than RC and CK. Therefore, the integrated use of rapeseed cake with mineral fertilization in Alfisol should be practiced in tea plantations to improve soil physical environment, root proliferation and root CEC, nutrient uptake, and NUE and achieve higher tea biomass production through the efficient exploitation of nutrients

Effect of Interactions between Phosphorus and Light Intensity on Metabolite Compositions in Tea Cultivar Longjing43

Light intensity influences energy production by increasing photosynthetic carbon, while phosphorus plays an important role in forming the complex nucleic acid structure for the regulation of protein synthesis. These two factors contribute to gene expression, metabolism, and plant growth regulation. In particular, shading is an effective agronomic practice and is widely used to improve the quality of green tea. Genotypic differences between tea cultivars have been observed as a metabolic response to phosphorus deficiency. However, little is known about how the phosphorus supply mediates the effect of shading on metabolites and how plant cultivar gene expression affects green tea quality. We elucidated the responses of the green tea cultivar Longjing43 under three light intensity levels and two levels of phosphorus supply based on a metabolomic analysis by GC×GC-TOF/MS (Two-dimensional Gas Chromatography coupled to Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) and UPLC-Q-TOF/MS (Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry), a targeted analysis by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), and a gene expression analysis by qRT-PCR. In young shoots, the phosphorus concentration increased in line with the phosphate supply, and elevated light intensities were positively correlated with catechins, especially with epigallocatechin of Longjing43. Moreover, when the phosphorus concentration was sufficient, total amino acids in young shoots were enhanced by moderate shading which did not occur under phosphorus deprivation. By metabolomic analysis, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis (PTT) were enriched due to light and phosphorus effects. Under shaded conditions, SPX2 (Pi transport, stress, sensing, and signaling), SWEET3 (bidirectional sugar transporter), AAP (amino acid permeases), and GSTb (glutathione S-transferase b) shared the same analogous correlations with primary and secondary metabolite pathways. Taken together, phosphorus status is a crucial factor when shading is applied to increase green tea quality

¹³C Labelling of Litter Added to Tea (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> L.) Plantation Soil Reveals a Significant Positive Priming Effect That Leads to Less Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation

Although annual return of litter occurs in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantations, the level of soil organic carbon (SOC) therein remains relatively low. The exact impacts of pruned litter on soil and its association with SOC accumulation in tea plantations remain unclear. In this study, we prepared 13C-labeled tea plant material and incubated it with soils collected at a tea plantation. Carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux and its sources were measured and distinguished based on the 13C isotopic method. Soil microbial community and the utilization of litter C were assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis combined with a stable isotope probing (SIP) technique. Litter incorporation initially significantly increased CO2 efflux. The majority of CO2 production (>90%) arose from native SOC mineralization, which was reflected by a strong positive priming effect (PE) that decreased over time. During the incubation period, β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased in both the control and litter-amended soil. A significant difference in the microbial community was observed between control and litter-amended soil, in which litter incorporation significantly increased the biomass of each microbial group relative to control soil. Based on PLFA-SIP, 78% of the C incorporated into individual microbes was derived from native SOC, while only 22% was derived from litter. Additionally, partial least squares regression path modeling (PLS-PM) revealed that the microbes associated with native SOC mineralization directly affected the changes in SOC (ΔCSOC+litter), whereas microbes related to litter degradation exhibited an indirect effect on ΔCSOC+litter by affecting β-glucosidase activity under litter incorporation. Taken together, SOC accumulated less in the tea plantation system despite the annual return of pruned litter to the field

13C Labelling of Litter Added to Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Plantation Soil Reveals a Significant Positive Priming Effect That Leads to Less Soil Organic Carbon Accumulation

Although annual return of litter occurs in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantations, the level of soil organic carbon (SOC) therein remains relatively low. The exact impacts of pruned litter on soil and its association with SOC accumulation in tea plantations remain unclear. In this study, we prepared 13C-labeled tea plant material and incubated it with soils collected at a tea plantation. Carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux and its sources were measured and distinguished based on the 13C isotopic method. Soil microbial community and the utilization of litter C were assessed by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis combined with a stable isotope probing (SIP) technique. Litter incorporation initially significantly increased CO2 efflux. The majority of CO2 production (&gt;90%) arose from native SOC mineralization, which was reflected by a strong positive priming effect (PE) that decreased over time. During the incubation period, &beta;-glucosidase activity significantly decreased in both the control and litter-amended soil. A significant difference in the microbial community was observed between control and litter-amended soil, in which litter incorporation significantly increased the biomass of each microbial group relative to control soil. Based on PLFA-SIP, 78% of the C incorporated into individual microbes was derived from native SOC, while only 22% was derived from litter. Additionally, partial least squares regression path modeling (PLS-PM) revealed that the microbes associated with native SOC mineralization directly affected the changes in SOC (&Delta;CSOC+litter), whereas microbes related to litter degradation exhibited an indirect effect on &Delta;CSOC+litter by affecting &beta;-glucosidase activity under litter incorporation. Taken together, SOC accumulated less in the tea plantation system despite the annual return of pruned litter to the field

Effects of Fertilization Regimes on Soil Organic Carbon Fractions and Its Mineralization in Tea Gardens

Changes in the organic carbon fraction and mineralization of soil aggregates play an important role in the improvement of soil quality by organic fertilization. Nevertheless, the effects of organic fertilizer application on the organic carbon fraction and mineralization characteristics of soil aggregates are still unclear. This study carried out a 6-year field trial with five different fertilization treatments, namely, no fertilization (CK), chemical fertilization (CF), rapeseed cake (CR), chicken manure (CM), and a combination of chicken manure with biochar (CMB). The distribution, organic carbon density, and carbon mineralization characteristics in soil aggregate fractions were tested. The results showed that CR significantly increased the contents of large soil macroaggregates and enhanced the stability of soil aggregates of all sizes. CM increased the contents of macroaggregates and microaggregates but decreased the stability of the soil aggregates. CR, CM, and CMB increased the content of soil organic carbon and its components in the tea garden, while the contribution rate of organic carbon to large aggregates was the highest under the CR treatment. Organic fertilizer treatments had a positive effect on enhancing soil microbial biomass and carbon and nitrogen contents. The mineralization rate and accumulation of organic carbon in tea garden soil aggregates were increased under organic fertilizer treatments, of which CMB was the most significant. There was a high increase in tea yield and bud density under the CR treatment. In short, the application of organic fertilizers in tea garden soil is helpful to improve soil nutrients and soil fertility; plant- and animal-derived organic fertilizers are recommended for corporate application in agricultural production

Effect of Short-Term Phosphorus Supply on Rhizosphere Microbial Community of Tea Plants

Microbes play an important role in rhizosphere phosphorus (P) activation and root P absorption in low P-available soils. However, the responses of the rhizosphere microbial community to P input and its effects on P uptake by tea plants have not been widely reported. In this study, the high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and the ITS2 region was employed to examine the responses of tea rhizosphere microbiomes to different P input rates (low-P, P0: 0 mg&middot;kg&minus;1 P; moderate-P, P1: 87.3 mg&middot;kg&minus;1 P; high-P, P2: 436.5 mg&middot;kg&minus;1 P). The results showed that the P input treatments significantly reduced the soil C: N ratio and C: P ratio compared to the P0 treatment (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the P2 treatment significantly increased the soil available P, plant biomass and P content of the tea plant compared to the P0 and P1 treatments (p &lt; 0.05). Both bacterial and fungal communities revealed the highest values of alpha diversity indices in the P1 treatment and the lowest in the P2 treatment. The dominant phyla of the bacterial community were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria, while in the fungal community they were Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota. In addition, P input enriched the relative abundance of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria but decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria. The Mantel correlation analysis showed that the fungal community was influenced by P input, whereas bacterial community was affected by the soil TC and C: N ratio. Furthermore, the P input treatments enhanced the TCA cycle, amino and nucleotide glucose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and phosphotransferase system expression, which could promote C and N cycling. On the contrary, the P input treatments negatively affected the growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The PLS-PM model revealed that the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities, respectively, negatively and positively affected the P content by affecting the biomass. Meanwhile, rhizosphere microbial function profiles affected the P content of tea plants directly and positively. In summary, moderate P input favors the rhizosphere microbial diversity and functions in the short-term pot experiment. Therefore, we suggest that moderate P input should be recommended in practical tea production, and a further field test is required

Rhizosphere Microbial Community Shows a Greater Response Than Soil Properties to Tea (<i>Camellia sinensis</i> L.) Cultivars

Rhizosphere microbes play pivotal roles in regulating the soil ecosystem by influencing and directly participating in the nutrient cycle. Evidence shows that the rhizosphere microbes are highly dependent on plant genotype and cultivars; however, their characteristics in soils with different tea (Camellia sinensis L.) cultivars are poorly understood. Therefore, the present study investigated the rhizosphere soil properties, microbial community composition, and their potential functions under four tea cultivars Huangjinya (HJY), Tieguanyin (TGY), Zhongcha No.108 (ZC108), and Zijuan (ZJ). The study found a minor impact of cultivars on rhizosphere soil properties but a significant influence on microbial community structure. Except for available potassium (AK) (HJY > TGY > ZC108 > ZJ), tea cultivars had no significant impact on other soil properties. The tea cultivars resulted in substantial differences only in the diversity of soil bacteria of lower taxonomic levels (family to species), as well as significantly changed communities’ structure of bacteria and fungi (R2 = 0.184, p = 0.013 and R2 = 0.226, p = 0.001). Specifically, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, and Firmicutes accounted for approximately 96% of the bacterial phyla in the tea soils, while Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota, Rozellomycota, Basidiomycota, and Monoblepharomycota (90% of the total) predominated the soil fungal community. Redundancy analysis (RDA) identified soil pH (14.53%) and ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N; 16.74%) as the key factors for the changes in bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Finally, FAPROTAX analysis predicted significant differences in the carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur (C-N-S)-cycling among the soils with different tea cultivars, specifically, ZJ cultivar showed the highest C-cycling but the lowest N- and S-cycling, while FUNGuild analysis revealed that the pathotroph group was significantly lower in ZC108 than the other cultivars. These findings improve our understanding of the differences in microbial community characteristics among tea cultivars and provide a basis for precisely selecting and introducing excellent tea varieties in the agriculture practices